Ingcaciso yamagama asisiseko sebhayoloji yemolekyuli
1. I-cDNA kunye ne-cccDNA: i-cDNA yi-DNA ephindwe kabini eyenziwe nge-reverse transcriptase esuka kwi-mRNA;I-cccDNA yi-plasmid enemisonto ephindwe kabini evaliweyo esetyhula i-DNA ekhululekile kwichromosome.
2. Iyunithi yokugoqa esemgangathweni: iprotheni yesibini yesakhiwo iyunithi i-α-helix kunye ne-β-sheet ingenza iibhloko zesakhiwo kunye namalungiselelo akhethekileyo ejometri ngokusebenzisa i-polypeptides edibeneyo yokudibanisa.Olu hlobo lokusonga olumiselweyo ludla ngokubizwa ngokuba lulwakhiwo lwesibini oluphezulu.Phantse zonke izakhiwo eziphakamileyo zingachazwa ngezi ntlobo zokusonga, kunye neentlobo zazo ezidityanisiweyo, ngoko ke zikwabizwa ngokuba ziiyunithi zokusonga eziqhelekileyo.
3. I-CAP: i-cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) iprotheni ye-receptor ye-CRP (iprotheni ye-cAMP ye-receptor), i-complex eyakhiwe emva kokuhlanganiswa kwe-cAMP kunye ne-CRP ibizwa ngokuba yi-activating protein CAP (i-cAMP activated protein)
4. Ulandelelwano lwe-Palindromic: Ulandelelwano olubuyisela umva lwecandelo leqhekeza le-DNA, elihlala lisisithintelo sesiza se-enzyme.
5. I-micRNA: I-RNA ephazamisayo eyongezelelweyo okanye i-RNA ye-antisense, ehambelana nolandelelwano lwe-mRNA kwaye inokuthintela ukuguqulelwa kwe-mRNA.
6. I-Ribozyme: i-RNA enomsebenzi we-catalytic, odlala indima ye-autocatalytic kwinkqubo yokudibanisa i-RNA.
7. I-Motif: Kukho imimandla ethile yasekuhlaleni enemilo yobude obuthathu obufanayo kunye ne-topology kwisakhiwo sesithuba seemolekyuli zeprotheyini.
8. I-peptide yomqondiso: i-peptide ene-15-36 i-amino acid eseleyo kwi-N-terminus ngexesha leprotheyini ye-protein synthesis, ekhokela i-transmembrane yeprotheni.
9. I-Attenuator: Ulandelelwano lwe-nucleotide phakathi kwendawo yokusebenza kunye nejini yesakhiwo ephelisa ushicilelo.
10. I-Magic Spot: Xa iibhaktheriya zikhula kwaye zidibana nokungabikho okupheleleyo kwe-amino acids, ibhaktheriya iya kuvelisa impendulo engxamisekileyo yokumisa ukubonakaliswa kwazo zonke iijini.Iimpawu ezivelisa le mpendulo kaxakeka yi-guanosine tetraphosphate (ppGpp) kunye ne-guanosine pentaphosphate (pppGpp).Indima yePpGpp kunye ne-pppGpp ayikho nje enye okanye i-operon embalwa, kodwa ichaphazela inani elikhulu labo, ngoko babizwa ngokuba yi-super-regulators okanye amabala omlingo.
11. Umgqugquzeli we-Upstream element: ubhekisela kulandelelwano lwe-DNA edlala indima yokulawula kumsebenzi womgqugquzeli, njenge-TATA kwingingqi ye--10, i-TGACA kummandla -35, izithuthukisi, kunye ne-attenuators.
12. I-DNA probe: icandelo elibhalwe igama le-DNA ngokulandelelana okwaziwayo, esetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukufumanisa ukulandelelana okungaziwayo kunye nejene ekujoliswe kuyo kwesikrini.
13. Ulandelelwano lwe-SD: Lulandelelwano olubophelelayo lwe-ribosome kunye ne-mRNA, elawula ukuguqulelwa.
14. I-Monoclonal Antibody: I-antibody esebenza kuphela kwisithinteli esinye se-antigen.
15. I-Cosmid: Yivector ye-DNA yangaphandle eyenziwe ngobuchule egcina imimandla ye-COS kuzo zombini iziphelo zephage kwaye iqhagamshelwe kwiplasmid.
16. Ukuhlolwa kwendawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka: I-LacZ gene (i-encoding β-galactosidase), i-enzyme inokubola i-chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) ukuvelisa i-blue, ngaloo ndlela yenza i-strain blue.Xa i-DNA yangaphandle ifakiwe, i-LacZ gene ayikwazi ukubonakaliswa, kwaye ubunzima bumhlophe, ukuze kuhlolwe ibhaktheriya ephinda iphinde ibuyele.Oku kubizwa ngokuba yi-blue-white screening.
17. I-Cis-acting element: Ulandelelwano oluthile lweziseko kwi-DNA elawula ukubonakaliswa kofuzo.
18. I-Klenow enzyme: Iqhekeza elikhulu le-DNA polymerase I, ngaphandle kokuba umsebenzi we-5' 3' we-exonuclease uyasuswa kwi-DNA polymerase I holoenzyme.
19. I-PCR ye-Anchored: isetyenziselwa ukukhulisa i-DNA yomdla ngokulandelelana okwaziwayo kwelinye icala.Umsila we-poly-dG wongezwa kwelinye icala lokulandelelana okungaziwayo, kwaye emva koko i-poly-dC kunye nolandelelwano olwaziwayo lusetyenziswe njenge-primers ye-PCR yokukhulisa.
20. Iprotein ye-Fusion: I-gene ye-eukaryotic protein idityaniswe ne-exogenous gene, kunye neprotheni ehlanganiswe nenguqulelo yeprotheni ye-gene ye-original kunye ne-exogenous protein ibonakaliswe ngaxeshanye.
Amanye amagama ebhayoloji yemolekyuli
1. Imephu ebonakalayo yeDNA lulandelelwano apho (isithintelo endonuclease-digested) amaqhekeza emolekyuli yeDNA alungelelaniswe.
2. I-cleavage ye-RNase yahlulwe yaba ziindidi ezimbini (i-autocatalysis) kunye (i-heterocatalysis).
3. Kukho izinto ezintathu zokuqalisa kwiprokaryotes ezi (IF-1), (IF-2) kunye (IF-3).
4. Iiprotheyini ze-Transmembrane zifuna isikhokelo (i-peptides yesignali), kwaye indima ye-protein chaperones (inceda ukugoqa ikhonkco le-peptide kwi-conformation yendalo yeprotheni).
5. Ii-elements kubakhuthazi zinokuhlulwa ngokubanzi zibe ziindidi ezimbini: (i-core promoter elements) kunye (neziqalelo zomgqugquzeli ongentla).
6. Umxholo wophando webhayoloji yemolekyuli ikakhulu ubandakanya amacandelo amathathu: (i-structural molecular biology), (i-gene expression and regulation), kunye (ne-DNA recombination technology).
7. Iimvavanyo ezimbini eziphambili ezibonisa ukuba i-DNA yimathiriyeli yemfuzo zezi (i-pneumococcus infection yeempuku) kunye (i-T2 phage infection ye-Escherichia coli).enokwenzeka).
8. Kukho iiyantlukwano ezimbini eziphambili phakathi kwe-hnRNA kunye ne-mRNA: (i-hnRNA idibaniswe kwinkqubo yokuguqulwa kwi-mRNA), (i-5 'isiphelo se-mRNA yongezwa nge-cap m7pGppp, kwaye kukho i-polyadenylation eyongezelelweyo ekupheleni kwe-3' ye-mRNA acid (polyA) umsila).
9. Iingenelo ze-multi-subunit form of protein are (i-subunit yindlela yoqoqosho yokusetyenziswa kwe-DNA), (inokunciphisa impembelelo yeempazamo ezizenzekelayo kwiprotheni synthesis kumsebenzi weprotheni), (umsebenzi unokusebenza kakuhle kwaye ngokukhawuleza uvulwe kwaye uvaliwe).
10. Umxholo ophambili weprotheyini yokugoqa i-theory yokuqala ye-nucleation ibandakanya (i-nucleation), (ukuphuculwa kwesakhiwo), (ukulungiswa kwakhona kokugqibela).
11. I-galactose ineempembelelo ezimbini kwiibhaktheriya;kwelinye icala (inokusetyenziswa njengomthombo wekhabhoni wokukhula kweeseli);kwelinye icala (likwayinxalenye yodonga lweseli).Ngoko ke, umgqugquzeli ozimeleyo we-cAMP-CRP i-S2 iyadingeka kwi-synthesis esisigxina kwinqanaba lemvelaphi;ngelo xesha, umgqugquzeli oxhomekeke kwi-cAMP-CRP i-S1 iyadingeka ukulawula i-synthesis yezinga eliphezulu.Ushicilelo luqala ku ( S2 ) ngo G kwaye ukusuka ( S1 ) ngaphandle kwe G.
12. I-Recombinant DNA technology yaziwa nangokuthi (gene cloning) okanye (i-molecular cloning).Eyona njongo iphambili kukuba (kukudlulisela ulwazi lwemfuza ye-DNA kwenye into ephilayo ukuya kwenye into ephilayo).Umfuniselo oqhelekileyo wokudibanisa i-DNA udla ngokuquka la manyathelo alandelayo: (1) Khipha ijini ekujoliswe kuyo (okanye ijini ephuma ngaphandle) yento ephilayo yomntu onikelayo, uze uyidibanise nge-enzymatic nenye imolekyuli ye-DNA (i-cloning vector) ukwenza i-molecule entsha ye-DNA.② I-molecule ye-DNA edibeneyo idluliselwa kwiseli yomamkeli kwaye iphindwe kwiseli yomamkeli.Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yinguqu.③ Khupha kwaye uchonge ezo seli zafumana i-DNA edibeneyo.④ Hlakulela iiseli eziqulethe i-DNA ephindaphindayo ngobuninzi ukuze ukhangele ukuba ingaba i-gene yoncedo lwangaphandle ibonakalisiwe.
13. Kukho iindidi ezimbini zokuphindaphinda kwe-plasmid: ezo zilawulwa ngokungqongqo yi-host cell protein synthesis zibizwa ngokuba (i-plasmids eqinile), kwaye ezo zingalawulwa ngokungqongqo yi-host cell protein synthesis zibizwa ngokuba (i-plasmids ekhululekile).
14. Inkqubo yokusabela kwe-PCR kufuneka ibe nezi meko zilandelayo: a.I-DNA primers (malunga neziseko ze-20) kunye nolandelelwano oluhambelanayo kwisiphelo ngasinye semicu emibini yemfuza ekujoliswe kuyo ukuba yahlulwe.b.Ii-Enzymes ezinozinzo lwe-thermal ezifana ne: TagDNA polymerase.c, dNTPd, DNA ulandelelwano umdla njenge template
15. Inkqubo yokusabela eyisiseko ye-PCR ibandakanya izigaba ezintathu: (i-denaturation), (i-annealing), kunye (i-extension).
16. Inkqubo esisiseko yezilwanyana eziguquguqukayo idla ngokuquka: ①Ukwaziswa kofuzo oluyimbumba lwangaphandle kwinucleus yeqanda eliqhame okanye i-embryonic stem cell;②Ukutshintshwa kweqanda elichumileyo elifakwe kwisitofu okanye i-embryonic stem cell kwisibeleko sowesifazane;③Uphuhliso olupheleleyo lwe-embryonic kunye nokukhula Kwenzala enemizila yemfuza yasemzini;④ Sebenzisa ezi zilwanyana zinokuvelisa iiproteni zangaphandle njengemfuyo yokuzala ukuzala imigca emitsha ye-homozygous.
17. Imigca yeeseli ze-Hybridoma ziveliswa ngokuxutywa (i-spleen B) iiseli ezineeseli (i-myeloma), kwaye ekubeni (iiseli ze-spleen) zingasebenzisa i-hypoxanthine kunye (iiseli zethambo) zibonelela ngemisebenzi yokwahlukana kweeseli, zinokukhuliswa kwi-HAT medium.khula.
18. Ngokunzulu kophando, isizukulwana sokuqala se-antibodies sibizwa ngokuba (i-polyclonal antibodies), isizukulwana sesibini (i-monoclonal antibodies), kunye nesizukulwana sesithathu (i-genetic engineering antibodies).
19. Okwangoku, ubunjineli bezofuzo zentsholongwane yezinambuzane bugxininise kakhulu kwi-baculovirus, ebonakaliswa ekuqalisweni kwe (exogenous toxin gene);(imfuza ephazamisa umjikelo oqhelekileyo wobomi bezinambuzane);(ukuguqulwa kofuzo lwentsholongwane).
20. Izinto zeprotheyini ezithintekayo ezihambelana nezinto eziqhelekileyo ze-TATA, GC, kunye ne-CAAT kwi-mammalian RNA polymerase II umgqugquzeli (TFIID), (SP-1) kunye (CTF / NF1), ngokulandelanayo.
amashumi amabini ananye.Izinto ezisisiseko zokukhutshelwa kwe-RNA polymerase Ⅱ zezi, TFⅡ-A, TFⅡ-B, TFII-D, TFⅡ-E, kunye nolandelelwano lwabo olubophezelayo lu: (D, A, B, E).Apho umsebenzi we-TFII-D uthi (ibophelela kwibhokisi ye-TATA).
amashumi anambini.Uninzi lwezinto ezikhutshelweyo ezibophelela kwi-DNA zisebenza ngendlela yee-dimers.Imimandla esebenzayo yezinto ezibhaliweyo ezibophelela kwi-DNA ziqhelekileyo zilandelayo (i-helix-turn-helix), (i-zinc finger motif), (i-basic-leucine) i-zipper motif).
amashumi amabini anantathu.Kukho iintlobo ezintathu zothintelo lweendlela ze-endonuclease cleavage: (sika kwi-5 'icala le-symmetry axis ukuvelisa iziphelo ezincamathelayo ezi-5), (sika kwicala le-3' le-symmetry axis ukuvelisa i-3 'iziphelo ezincamathelayo (ukusika kwi-symmetry axis ukuvelisa iisegmenti ezisicaba) ).
amashumi amabini anesine.I-Plasmid DNA ineendlela ezintathu ezihlukeneyo: (i-SC configuration), (i-oc configuration), (i-L configuration).Eyokuqala kwi-electrophoresis yi (SC configuration).
25. Iinkqubo zemfuza yangaphandle, ikakhulu (Escherichia coli), (Yeast), (Inambuzane) kunye (netafile yeeseli zeMammalian).
26. Iindlela ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kwizilwanyana eziguquguqukayo zezi: (indlela yosulelo lwe-retroviral), (i-DNA microinjection method), (i-embryonic stem cell method).
Isicelo sebhayoloji yeMolekyuli
1. Xela imisebenzi yee-RNA ezingaphezulu kwe-5?
Dlulisa i-RNA tRNA Ukudluliselwa kwe-amino acid Ribosome RNA rRNA IRibosome yenza isithunywa RNA mRNA Iprotein synthesis template Heterogeneous yenyukliya RNA hnRNA Umanduleli we-mRNA encinci yenyukliya iRNA snRNA Ibandakanywe kwi-hnRNA i-splicing kunye ne-Plassic ye-RNA ehlanganisiweyo i-Plassic RNA eNcinci-RNA i-RNA ehlanganisiweyo imiqondiso yomzimba yokuqondwa kweAntisense
2. Yintoni umahluko omkhulu phakathi kweprokaryotic kunye nabakhuthazi be-eukaryotic?
Prokaryotic TTGACA --- TATAAT-------Indawo yokuQalisa-35 -10 Eukaryotic Enhancer---GC ---CAAT----TATAA-5mGpp-Indawo yokuQalisa-110 -70 -25
3. Ziziphi iinkalo eziphambili zokwakhiwa kweeplasmids zendalo?
Iiplasmids zendalo zihlala zineziphene, ngoko ke azifanelekanga ukusetyenziswa njengabathwali bobunjineli bemfuza, kwaye kufuneka ziguqulwe kwaye zakhiwe: a.Yongeza uhlobo olufanelekileyo lwesiphawuli sokukhetha, esinje ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu, ekulula ukuzisebenzisa ekukhetheni, ngokuqhelekileyo iijini zokubulala iintsholongwane.b.Ukwandisa okanye ukunciphisa iindawo ezifanelekileyo zokusika i-enzyme ukuququzelela ukuhlanganiswa kwakhona.c.Nciphisa ubude, unqumle amaqhekeza angeyomfuneko, uphucule ukusebenza kakuhle kokungenisa kunye nokwandisa umthamo wokulayisha.d.Guqula ireplicon, ukusuka eqinile ukuya kwekhululekileyo, ukusuka kwiikopi ezimbalwa ukuya kwiikopi ezininzi.e.Yongeza izakhi zofuzo ezikhethekileyo ngokweemfuno ezizodwa zobunjineli bemfuza
4. Nika umzekelo wendlela yokuhlola ngokwahlukileyo kwi-cDNA ethe ngqo kwithishu?
Iiseli ezimbini zabantu zilungiswa, i-gene ekujoliswe kuyo ibonakaliswe okanye ibonakaliswe kakhulu kwenye yeeseli, kwaye i-gene ekujoliswe kuyo ayibonakali okanye ibonakaliswe ephantsi kwenye iseli, kwaye i-gene ekujoliswe kuyo ifunyenwe ngokuxutywa kunye nokuthelekisa.Ngokomzekelo, ngexesha lokwenzeka kunye nokuphuhliswa kwamathumba, iiseli ze-tumor ziya kubonisa i-mRNAs kunye namanqanaba okuthetha ahlukeneyo kuneeseli eziqhelekileyo.Ke ngoko, iijini ezinxulumene ne-tumor zinokujongwa ngokwahlukileyo kwi-hybridization.Indlela yokuqhelaniswa nayo inokusetyenziselwa ukukhusela imfuza ekubonakaliswe kwayo.
5. Isizukulwana kunye nokuhlolwa kwemigca yeseli ye-hybridoma?
Iiseli ze-spleen B + iiseli ze-myeloma, zongeza i-polyethylene glycol (PEG) ukukhuthaza ukuhlanganiswa kweeseli, kunye neeseli ze-splenic B-myeloma fusion ezikhule kwi-HAT medium (equlethe i-hypoxanthine, i-aminopterin, i-T) iyaqhubeka nokwandisa ukondla.I-cell fusion iqulethe: iiseli ze-spleen fusion: azikwazi ukukhula, iiseli ze-spleen azikwazi ukukhuliswa kwi-vitro.Iiseli zokudityaniswa kwethambo-thambo: azinakusebenzisa i-hypoxanthine, kodwa zinokudibanisa i-purine ngendlela yesibini zisebenzisa i-folate reductase.I-Aminopterin inqanda i-folate reductase kwaye ngoko ayikwazi ukukhula.Iiseli ze-Bone-spleen fusion: zinokukhula kwi-HAT, iiseli ze-spleen zinokusebenzisa i-hypoxanthine, kwaye iiseli zethambo zibonelela ngomsebenzi wokwahlula iiseli.
6. Uthini umgaqo kunye nendlela yokumisela ulwakhiwo olungundoqo lwe-DNA ngendlela ye-didioxy terminal termination method (indlela ye-Sanger)?
Umgaqo kukusebenzisa i-nucleotide chain terminator-2,,3,-dideoxynucleotide ukuphelisa ukwandiswa kweDNA.Ekubeni ingenayo i-3-OH efunekayo ekubunjweni kwe-3 / 5 / i-phosphodiester bond, xa sele ifakwe kwi-DNA chain, i-chain chain ayinakwandiswa ngakumbi.Ngokomgaqo-siseko wokubhanqa isiseko, nanini na i-DNA polymerase idinga i-dNMP ukuba ithathe inxaxheba kwikhonkco le-DNA eliqhelekileyo elongeziweyo, kukho izinto ezimbini ezinokwenzeka, enye kukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-ddNTP, ekhokelela ekuphelisweni kwe-deoxynucleotide chain extension;enye kukuthatha inxaxheba kwi-dNTP , ukuze ikhonkco le-DNA likwazi ukuqhubeka nokunwenwa kude kube yi-ddNTP elandelayo ibandakanywe.Ngokwale ndlela, iqela lamaqhekeza e-DNA anobude obahlukeneyo obuphela nge-ddNTP inokufumaneka.Indlela yokwahlulahlula ngokwamaqela amane ngokulandelelanayo ddAMP, ddGMP, ddCMP, kunye ne-ddTMP.Emva kokusabela, i-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis inokufunda ukulandelelana kwe-DNA ngokweebhendi zokuqubha.
7. Lithini ifuthe elincomekayo lokulawula i-activator protein (CAP) kushicilelo?
I-Cyclic adenylate (cAMP) iprotheni ye-receptor ye-CRP (iprotheni ye-cAMP ye-receptor), i-complex eyenziwe yindibaniselwano ye-cAMP kunye ne-CRP ibizwa ngokuba yi-CAP (iprotheni ye-cAMPactivated).Xa i-E. coli ikhuliswe kwindawo eswele i-glucose, i-synthesis ye-CAP iyanda, kwaye i-CAP inomsebenzi wokuvuselela abakhuthazi abafana ne-lactose (Lac).Abanye abakhuthazi abaxhomekeke kwi-CRP abanalo uphawu lwe-35 oluqhelekileyo lokulandelelana kwendawo (TTGACA) ukuba abakhuthazi abaqhelekileyo banalo.Ngoko ke, kunzima ukuba i-RNA polymerase ibophe kuyo.Ubukho be-CAP (umsebenzi): kunokuphucula kakhulu ukudibanisa rhoqo kwe-enzyme kunye nomgqugquzeli.Ikakhulu ibonisa le miba mibini ilandelayo: ① CAP inceda i-molecule ye-enzyme ukuba ihambe ngokuchanekileyo ngokuguqula ukuhambelana komgqugquzeli kunye nokusebenzisana ne-enzyme, ukuze idibanise kunye nommandla we-10 kwaye idlale indima yokutshintsha umsebenzi we-35 ummandla.I-②CAP inokuthintela ukubophelela kwe-RNA polymerase kwezinye iisayithi kwi-DNA, ngaloo ndlela yandisa amathuba okubophelela kumkhuthazi wayo othile.
8. Ngawaphi amanyathelo adla ngokuqukwa kuvavanyo oluqhelekileyo lokudibanisa i-DNA?
a.Khipha ijini ekujoliswe kuyo (okanye i-exogenous gene) ye-organism yomnikeli, kwaye idibanise nge-enzymatically kwenye i-molecule ye-DNA (i-cloning vector) ukwenza i-molecule entsha ye-DNA.b.Dlulisa i-molecule ye-DNA edibeneyo kwiseli yomamkeli kwaye uyiphindaphinde kwaye uyigcine kwiseli yomamkeli.Le nkqubo ibizwa ngokuba yinguqu.c.Khupha kwaye uchonge ezo seli zafumana i-DNA edibeneyo.d.Inkcubeko yobuninzi iiseli eziqulethe i-DNA ephinda iphinde ibone ukuba ingaba i-gene yoncedo lwangaphandle ibonakalisiwe.
9. Ukwakhiwa kwethala leemfuza Iindlela ezintathu zokuhlolwa kweerecombinants zinikiwe kwaye inkqubo ichazwe ngokufutshane.
Ukuhlolwa kokuchasana kwe-antibiotics, ukufakwa kwe-insertional inactition of resistance, ukukhangela indawo eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka okanye i-PCR, ukuhlolwa kwe-different, i-DNA probe Uninzi lwee-cloning vectors zithwala i-antibiotic resistance genes (i-anti-ampicillin, i-tetracycline).Xa i-plasmid idluliselwa kwi-Escherichia coli, ibhaktheriya iya kufumana ukuchasana, kwaye abo bangenayo ukutshintshwa abayi kuba nokuchasana.Kodwa ayikwazi ukwahlula enoba iphinde yalungelelaniswa okanye akunjalo.Kwi-vector equlethe iijene zokuxhathisa ezimbini, ukuba iqhekeza le-DNA langaphandle lifakwe kwenye yemfuza kwaye ibangela ukuba i-gene ingasebenzi, izilawuli zepleyiti ezimbini eziqulethe amachiza ahlukeneyo zingasetyenziselwa ukuhluza ii-recombinants ezilungileyo.Ngokomzekelo, i-pUC plasmid iqulethe i-LacZ gene (i-encoding β-galactosidase), ekwazi ukubola i-chromogenic substrate X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole-β-D-galactoside) ukuvelisa i-blue , ngaloo ndlela iguqule i-strain blue.Xa i-DNA yangaphandle ifakiwe, i-LacZ gene ayikwazi ukubonakaliswa, kwaye ubunzima bumhlophe, ukwenzela ukuba kuhlolwe iibhaktheriya eziphinda zibuyele.
10. Cacisa inkqubo esisiseko yokufumana izilwanyana eziguquguqukayo ngeeseli ze-embryonic stem?
Iiseli ze-Embryonic stem (ES) ziiseli ze-embryonic ngexesha lophuhliso lwe-embryonic, olunokuthi lukhuliswe ngobuchule kwaye lwande kwaye lube nomsebenzi wokuhlula kwezinye iintlobo zeeseli.Inkcubeko yeeseli ze-ES: Ubunzima beeseli zangaphakathi ze-blastocyst zodwa kwaye zikhuliswe.Xa i-ES ikhuliswe kwi-feeder-free layer, iya kwahlula kwiiseli ezahlukeneyo ezisebenzayo ezifana neeseli zemisipha kunye neeseli ze-N.Xa ikhuliswe kwindawo equkethe i-fibroblasts, i-ES iya kugcina umsebenzi wokwahlula.I-ES inokuguqulwa ngofuzo, kwaye umsebenzi wayo wokwahlula unokuhlanganiswa ngaphandle kokuchaphazela umsebenzi wayo wokwahlula, osombulula ingxaki yokuhlanganiswa okungahleliwe.Yazisa izakhi zofuzo zangaphandle kwiiseli ze-embryonic stem, emva koko zifakwe kwisibeleko seempuku ezikhulelweyo, zikhule zibe ngamantshontsho, kwaye ziwele ukufumana iimpuku ze-homozygous.
