I-pathogenic microorganisms i-microorganisms enokuthi ihlasele umzimba womntu, ibangele ukusuleleka kunye nezifo ezithathelwanayo, okanye i-pathogens.Phakathi kweentsholongwane, iibhaktheriya kunye neentsholongwane zezona ziyingozi kakhulu.

Usulelo ngomnye woonobangela abaphambili bokugula nokufa kwabantu.Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-20, ukufunyanwa kwamayeza okubulala iintsholongwane kwatshintsha amayeza anamhlanje, kwanika abantu “isixhobo” sokulwa nosulelo, nokwenza utyando, uqhaqho-fakelo lwamalungu omzimba nonyango lomhlaza.Nangona kunjalo, kukho iintlobo ezininzi ze-pathogens ezibangela izifo ezithathelwanayo, kuquka iintsholongwane, iibhaktheriya, i-fungi kunye nezinye ii-microorganisms.Ukuze kuphuculwe ukuxilongwa kunye nokunyangwa kwezifo ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokukhusela impilo yabantu

Impilo ifuna iindlela ezichanekileyo nezikhawulezayo zovavanyo lweklinikhi.Ke zithini iitekhnoloji zokufumanisa i-microbiological?

01 Indlela yokubona ngokwemveli

Kwinkqubo yokufunyanwa kwendabuko ye-pathogenic microorganisms, ininzi yazo kufuneka ihlanjululwe, ikhuliswe, kunye nokuchongwa kwezinto eziphilayo kuqhutywe ngolu hlobo, ukwenzela ukuba iintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-microorganisms zichongwe, kwaye ixabiso lokufumanisa liphezulu.Iindlela zemveli zokufumanisa ikakhulu zibandakanya i-smear microscopy, inkcubeko yokwahlula kunye ne-biochemical reaction, kunye nenkcubeko yeeseli zezicubu.

1 Smear microscopy

Iimicroorganisms zePathogenic zincinci ngobukhulu kwaye uninzi alunambala kwaye luguquguqukayo.Emva kokuzingcolisa, zingasetyenziselwa ukujonga ubungakanani bazo, imilo, ukulungiswa, njl njl ngoncedo lwe-microscope.Uvavanyo oluthe ngqo lwe-smear staining microscopic lulula kwaye luyakhawuleza, kwaye lusasebenza kwezo zifo ze-pathogenic microbial ezineendlela ezikhethekileyo, ezifana nosulelo lwe-gonococcal, isifo sephepha se-Mycobacterium, usulelo lwe-spirochetal, njl. ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili.Indlela yokuhlolwa kwe-photomicroscopic ngokuthe ngqo ikhawuleza, kwaye ingasetyenziselwa ukuhlolwa okubonakalayo kwee-pathogens kunye neefom ezikhethekileyo.Ayifuni izixhobo ezikhethekileyo kunye nezixhobo.Iseyindlela ebaluleke kakhulu yokufumanisa i-pathogenic microorganism kwiilebhu ezisisiseko.

2 Inkcubeko yokwahlukana kunye nokusabela kwe-biochemical

Inkcubeko yokwahlula isetyenziswa ikakhulu xa kukho iintlobo ezininzi zeebhaktheriya kwaye enye yazo ifuna ukwahlulwa.Isetyenziswa kakhulu kwisikhohlela, ilindle, igazi, ulwelo lomzimba, njalo njalo. Ngenxa yokuba ibhaktheriya ikhula kwaye iphindaphindeka ixesha elide, le ndlela yovavanyo ifuna ixesha elithile., Kwaye ayikwazi ukucutshungulwa kwiibhetshi, ngoko ke icandelo lezonyango liye laqhubeka liqhuba uphando kule nto, isebenzisa uqeqesho oluzenzekelayo kunye nezixhobo zokuchonga ukuphucula iindlela zoqeqesho lwendabuko kunye nokuphucula ukuchaneka kokufumanisa.

3 Inkcubeko yeeseli zezicubu

Iiseli zezicubu ikakhulu ziquka i-chlamydia, iintsholongwane, kunye ne-rickettsiae.Ekubeni iintlobo zeeseli zezicubu kwii-pathogens ezahlukeneyo zihluke, emva kokuba izicubu zisuswe kwii-microorganisms ze-pathogenic, iiseli eziphilayo kufuneka zikhuliswe nge-subculture.Ii-microorganisms ze-pathogenic ezikhulayo zifakwe kwiiseli zezicubu ukuze zilinywe ukunciphisa utshintsho lwe-cell pathological kangangoko kunokwenzeka.Ukongezelela, kwinkqubo yokulima iiseli zezicubu, i-microorganisms ye-pathogenic inokuthi ifakwe ngokuthe ngqo kwizilwanyana ezithintekayo, kwaye ke iimpawu ze-pathogens zinokuvavanywa ngokuhambelana nokutshintsha kwezicubu kunye nezitho zezilwanyana.

02 Itekhnoloji yovavanyo lwemfuzo

Ngophuculo oluqhubekayo lwenqanaba letekhnoloji yezonyango kwihlabathi, uphuhliso kunye nenkqubela phambili yetekhnoloji yokufumanisa imolekyuli yebhayoloji, enokuchonga ngokufanelekileyo i-pathogenic microorganisms, inokuphucula imeko yangoku yokusetyenziswa kweempawu zangaphandle ze-morphological kunye ne-physiological kwinkqubo yobhaqo yemveli, kwaye inokusebenzisa uhlobo olulodwa lofuzo.

1 Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

I-Polymerase chain reaction (i-Polymerase Chain Reaction, i-PCR) bubuchule obusebenzisa i-oligonucleotide primers eyaziwayo ukukhokela kunye nokukhulisa inani elincinci leqhekeza lemfuza eliza kuvavanywa kwiqhekeza elingaziwayo kwi-vitro.Ngenxa yokuba i-PCR inokwandisa i-gene ukuba ivavanywe, ifaneleke ngakumbi ukuxilongwa kwangaphambili kosulelo lwe-pathogen, kodwa ukuba i-primers ayicaciswanga, inokubangela ukuba i-positives yobuxoki.Iteknoloji ye-PCR iphuhliswe ngokukhawuleza kwiminyaka eyi-20 edlulileyo, kwaye ukuthembeka kwayo kuye kwaphucula ngokuthe ngcembe ukusuka ekukhuliseni imfuza ukuya kwi-gene cloning kunye nokuguqulwa kunye nohlalutyo lwemfuza.Le ndlela ikwayeyona ndlela iphambili yokufumanisa i-coronavirus entsha kolu bhubhane.

I-Foregene iphuhlise i-RT-PCR ikhithi esekelwe kwi-teknoloji ye-PCR ye-Direct, ukufumanisa i-gene ye-2 eqhelekileyo, i-3 yemfuza, kunye neentlobo ezivela e-UK, eBrazil, eMzantsi Afrika nase-Indiya, i-B.1.1.7 lineage (UK), i-B.1.351 yomgca (ZA), i-B.1.617 (IND) kunye ne-P.1 yomgca (BR), ngokulandelanayo.

2 Itekhnoloji yetshiphu yemfuza

Iteknoloji yetshiphu yemfuza ibhekisa kusetyenziso lwetekhnoloji ye-microarray ukuqhoboshela amaqhekeza e-DNA anoxinano oluphezulu kwiindawo eziqinileyo ezifana neenwebu kunye namaphepha eglasi ngokolandelelwano oluthile okanye ulungiselelo ngokusebenzisa iirobhothi ezinesantya esiphezulu okanye i-in-situ synthesis.Ngee-DNA probes ezibhalwe nge-isotopes okanye i-fluorescence, kwaye ngoncedo lomgaqo-siseko wokudibanisa okuhambelanayo, inani elikhulu leendlela zophando ezifana nokubonakaliswa kofuzo kunye nokubeka iliso.Ukusetyenziswa kweteknoloji ye-gene chip ekuxilongweni kwe-pathogenic microorganisms kunokunciphisa kakhulu ixesha lokuxilongwa.Kwangaxeshanye, inokubona ukuba i-pathogen inoxhathiso kumachiza, ngawaphi amachiza anganyangekiyo kuwo, kwaye ngawaphi amachiza anovakalelo kuwo, ukuze abonelele ngeembekiselo zamayeza ezonyango.Nangona kunjalo, ixabiso lemveliso yobuchwephesha liphezulu kakhulu, kwaye ubuntununtunu bokubona itshiphu kufuneka buphuculwe.Ngoko ke, le teknoloji isasetyenziswa kuphando lwebhubhoratri kwaye ayizange isetyenziswe ngokubanzi kwiiklinikhi.

I-3 iteknoloji ye-Nucleic acid hybridization

I-Nucleic acid hybridization yinkqubo apho imicu enye ye-nucleotides kunye nolandelelwano oluhambelanayo kwi-pathogenic microorganisms idibanisa kwiiseli ukuze zenze i-heteroduplexes.Into ekhokelela kwi-hybridization yi-chemical reaction phakathi kwe-nucleic acid kunye ne-probes ukuchonga i-pathogenic microorganisms.Okwangoku, iindlela zokuphinda ziwele i-nucleic acid ezisetyenziselwa ukubona iintsholongwane ze-pathogenic ikakhulu ziquka i-nucleic acid kwi-situ hybridization kunye ne-membrane blot hybridization.I-Nucleic acid in situ hybridization ibhekisela ekuxutyweni kwee-nucleic acids kwiiseli ze-pathogen ezine-probes ezibhalwe.I-Membrane blot hybridization ithetha ukuba emva kokuba umfuniselo ehlula i-nucleic acid yeseli ye-pathogen, iyahlanjululwa kwaye idibaniswe nenkxaso eqinileyo, emva koko ixutywe kunye ne-accounting probe.Itekhnoloji ye-accounting hybridization ineenzuzo zokusebenza ngokulula nangokukhawuleza, kwaye ilungele iintsholongwane ezibuthathaka nezinenjongo ze-pathogenic microorganisms.

03 Uvavanyo lweserological

Uvavanyo lwe-serological lunokuchonga ngokukhawuleza i-pathogenic microorganisms.Umgaqo osisiseko wovavanyo lwetekhnoloji ye-serological kukufumanisa iintsholongwane ngokusebenzisa ii-antigens zepathogen ezaziwayo kunye nezilwa-buhlungu.Xa kuthelekiswa nokwahlulwa kweeseli zemveli kunye nenkcubeko, amanyathelo okusebenza ovavanyo lwe-serological alula.Iindlela zokufumanisa ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo ziquka uvavanyo lwe-latex agglutination kunye ne-enzyme-linked immunoassay technology.Ukusetyenziswa kwetekhnoloji ye-enzyme edityaniswe ne-immunoassay inokuphucula kakhulu ubuntununtunu kunye nokukodwa kovavanyo lwe-serological.Ayinakubona kuphela i-antigen kwisampulu yovavanyo, kodwa iphinde ibone icandelo le-antibody.

NgoSeptemba ka-2020, i-Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) yakhupha izikhokelo zovavanyo lwe-serological yokuxilongwa kwe-COVID-19.

04 Uvavanyo lwamajoni omzimba

Ukufunyanwa kwe-Immunological kukwabizwa ngokuba yitekhnoloji yokwahlula amaso e-immunomagnetic.Le teknoloji inokwahlula ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic kunye ne-non-pathogenic kwi-pathogens.Umgaqo osisiseko kukuba: ukusetyenziswa kwamagnetic bead microspheres ukwahlula i-antigen enye okanye iindidi ezininzi ze-pathogens ezithile.I-antigens ihlanganiswe kunye, kwaye ibhaktheriya ye-pathogenic ihlukaniswe kwiintsholongwane ngokuphendula komzimba we-antigen kunye nentsimi yangaphandle yamagnetic.

Ukufumanisa i-pathogen hotspots-ukufunyanwa kwe-pathogen yokuphefumla

I-Foregene "isixhobo sokuphefumla se-pathogenic bacteria" iphantsi kophuhliso.Ikiti inokubona iindidi ezili-15 zebhaktheriya ye-pathogenic kwisikhwehlela ngaphandle kwesidingo sokucoca i-nucleic acid kwisikhwehlela.Ngokumalunga nokusebenza kakuhle, inciphisa i-3 yokuqala ukuya kwiintsuku ze-5 kwiiyure ze-1.5.